![]() In 2022, the Cincinnati Art Museum discovered that they had a Chinese magic mirror in their collection. ![]() The English called the artefacts "open mirrors" and for the first time made technical observations regarding their construction. In total, just four magic mirrors brought from China to Europe, but in 1878 two engineering professors presented to the Royal Society of London several models they had brought from Japan. The latter was presented as an unknown object to the French Academy of Sciences in 1844. The first magic mirror to appear in Western Europe was owned by the director of the Paris Observatory, who, on his return from China, brought several mirrors and one of them was magical. ![]() The Kyoto Journal interviewed the craftsman and he explained a small portion of the technique, that he learned from his father. Today, Yamamoto Akihisa is said to be the last manufacturer of magic mirrors in Japan. That is why Japan considers a sacred mirror called Yata-no-Kagami to be one of the three great imperial treasures. They were described as "sources of honesty" as they were said to reflect all good and evil without error. In fact, Emperor Cao Rui and the Wei Kingdom of China gave numerous bronze mirrors (known as Shinju-kyo in Japan) to Queen Himiko of Wa (Japan), where they were received as rare and mysterious objects. Japan Īs the manufacture of mirrors in China increased, it expanded to Korea and Japan. Bragg noted that "Only the magnifying effect of reflection makes them plain". Although his explanation of different cooling rates was incorrect, he was right to suggest the surface contained minute variations which the naked eye could not detect these mirrors also had no transparent quality at all, as discovered by the British scientist William Bragg in 1932. Perplexed as to how solid metal could be transparent, Shen guessed that some sort of quenching technique was used to produce tiny wrinkles on the face of the mirror too small to be observed by the eye. This Tang-era book was lost over the centuries, but magic mirrors were described in the Dream Pool Essays by Shen Kuo (1031–1095), who owned three of them as family heirlooms. In about 800 AD, during the Tang dynasty (618–907), a book entitled Record of Ancient Mirrors described the method of crafting solid bronze mirrors with decorations, written characters, or patterns on the reverse side that could cast these in a reflection on a nearby surface as light struck the front, polished side of the mirror due to this seemingly transparent effect, they were called "light-penetration mirrors" by the Chinese. But when the mirror reflected bright sunlight against a wall, with the resultant magnification of the whole image, the effect was to reproduce the patterns as if they were passing through the solid bronze by way of light beams. The result was that imperfections of the mirror surface matched the patterns on the back, although they were too minute to be seen by the eye. Finally, a mercury amalgam was laid over the surface this created further stresses and preferential buckling. The stresses set up by these processes caused the thinner parts of the surface to bulge outwards and become more convex than the thicker portions. The surface was then polished to become shiny. ![]() The basic mirror shape, with the design on the back, was cast flat, and the convexity of the surface produced afterwards by elaborate scraping and scratching. Robert Temple describes their construction: The back of the same mirrorīronze mirrors were the standard in many Eurasian cultures, but most lacked this characteristic, as did most Chinese bronze mirrors. If that light is reflected from the mirror onto a wall, the pattern on the back of the mirror is then projected onto the wall. When sunlight or other bright light shines onto the mirror, the mirror appears to become transparent. The front was polished and could be used as a mirror, while the back has a design cast in the bronze, or other decoration. The mirrors were made out of solid bronze. The Chinese magic mirror ( simplified Chinese: 透光镜 traditional Chinese: 透光鏡 pinyin: tòu guāng jìng) traces back to at least the 5th century, although their existence during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 24 AD) has been claimed. The same mirror reflecting the image onto a screen In this example there is a further bronze backplate, with an inscription, so that the Buddha can only be seen as a reflection. Magic mirror with an image of the Amitābha Buddha, Japan, 19th century.
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However, these observations were disputed by a more recent report by Oksvold et al., arguing that UV exposure did not induce dimerization, tyrosine phosphorylation, or activation of EGF-R ( 31). Involvement of c-Src, Ha-Ras, and Raf-1 in the cellular response to UV exposure has also been suggested by experiments using tyrosine kinase inhibitors and dominant negative mutants ( 6). Cross-linking of these cell surface proteins induced by UV might be mediated by reactive oxygen intermediates ( 16). In particular, it has been proposed by several groups that UV irradiation induces ligand-independent activation of receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF), tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-1 that triggers the cytoplasmic signaling cascade leading to activation of JNK ( 16, 33, 38, 39). However, it appears to involve signal relay of a MAP kinase signaling cascade from membrane-proximal events rather than a response to DNA damage in the nucleus ( 33). ![]() The molecular mechanism for activation of JNK by UV irradiation is not fully understood. It is also possible that the three members of JNK, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, have overlapping yet distinct functions in various cell types ( 18). Apparently, whether JNK activates a proapoptotic or an antiapoptotic pathway might depend on the cellular context or the degree to which JNK is activated ( 23). Characterization of fibroblast cells defective for c-Jun or c-Fos expression even suggested a protective role of JNK against cell apoptosis ( 30, 41). For example, suppression of the JNK pathway does not block Fas-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T cells ( 26). However, JNK activation is sometimes not associated with cell apoptosis ( 18). JNK is activated during cellular responses to external stress, such as UV irradiation, heat shock, and inflammatory cytokines ( 41), and this group of kinases has been implicated in the activation of caspases and initiation of apoptotic process in a variety of cell types ( 40, 41). ![]() JNK, also known as stress-activated protein kinase, is a group of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that include the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAP kinase ( 32). Exposure of cells to UV also rapidly induces the activation of c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinases (JNK) that phosphorylate and activate transcription factors, including c-Jun and ATF2 ( 18). UV irradiation can have multiple effects on mammalian cells, such as DNA damage through formation of pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts and induced expression of genes that are involved in DNA repair, cell growth, and apoptosis ( 8, 12). The human population will possibly face the exposure of increasing doses of short-wavelength UV irradiation due to progressive destruction of the ozone layer by industrial pollution, with the direct outcome of increasing rates of skin cancer. In aggregate, these observations identify a new function of Gab1 in the response of mammalian cells to UV light. Genetic and pharmaceutical analyses suggest the involvement of c-Met and the Src family tyrosine kinases in mediating UV-induced Gab1 phosphorylation as well as JNK activation. Gab1 was constitutively complexed with JNK and became tyrosine phosphorylated in UV-irradiated cells. Consistently, Gab1 −/− cells displayed reduced caspase 3 induction and apoptotic cell death in response to UV irradiation. Gab1-deficient mouse fibroblast cells were defective in induction of JNK activity by UV exposure or heat shock, and this defect was rescued by reintroduction of Gab1 into Gab1 −/− cells. We show here an essential role of a multisubstrate adapter, Gab1, in this signaling cascade. However, the molecular mechanism for JNK activation by UV exposure is not fully understood. ![]() Exposure of mammalian cells to UV irradiation leads to activation of the c-Jun NH 2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway, which is associated with cell apoptosis. ![]() Whether you’re after for an elegant pleated pair-à la Giorgio Armani-or just some breathable nylon beaters to get you through the weekend, we’ve scoured the market to bring you the grade-A options that’ll free your trunks. Robert Graham Mens The Ace Beach To Bar Shorts CASABLANCA Mens Artwork Silk Drawstring Shorts Fourlaps Mens Bolt 7-Inch Athletic Shorts PRPS Mens. We've turned up the 22 best shorts for men for every possible budget and need. Add to basket, Under Armour Woven Graphic Gym Shorts. 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Millimeters to inches conversion in fraction form Our converter allows you to show results as fractions in 1/16. ![]() It is simple and logical and consists of units and prefixes.Įxample: you want to convert 10mm to inchesĪccording to formula -> 10mm= 0.393701 Inches Inches to Millimeter fractions to decimals Formula:Įxample: you want to convert 20 inches to MillimetersĢ0×25.4 = 1000 Mm to Inches (in) Converter and Calculations: Enter the length in either of the next two fields and get it converted instantly from mm to inches or the opposite, from inches to mm. 9mm In 32ndsGlock 43X MOS 9mm Pistol 10+1. It is easy to use and write metric units correctly if you know how the system works. 0.052083 Feet Metric Units 15.875 Millimeters 1.5875 Centimeters 0. Mm to inches fraction to decimal formula: The inch is the international unit of length of exactly 25.4 Millimeter. inches inches to cm mm to inches inches to mm meters to feet. mm to inches conversion chart Convert 27.43 mm to inches Definition of millimeter Definition of inch Millimeters to inches formula and conversion factor. The Millimeter is the SI (metric) unit of length, the current International System of Units (SI) definition of the Millimeter officially recognized by the International Committee for weights and Measures is (D1)”. inches fraction result is rounded to the nearest 1/64 fraction. Used in the United States and United Kingdom.Fraction to decimal inches to millimeters conversion table, fraction to decimal inches chart, fraction to mm chart, fraction to decimal inches to millimeters conversion chart By contrast, the inch is an imperial measurement, still commonly BYJUS online simplifying ratios calculator tool makes the calculation faster, and it displays the simplified form in a fraction of seconds. The Centimeter (British spelling 'centimetre') is a metric unit of length, distance or height. This calculation can be achieved by dividing the 40 cm figure by 2.54, or multiplying it by 0.3937. How many inches are in 40 cm?Ĥ0 cm is equal to 15.748 inches. numerator is top number - numerator is 1 denominator is bottom number - denominator is 8 divide the top number with the bottom number - 1/8 0. You can calculate this by dividing 30 by 2.54, as there are 2.54 cm in an inch. Download Inches - Fraction to Decimal Converting Table. How many inches are in 30 cm?ģ0 cm is equal to 11.811 inches. We have individual pages forġ75cm to feet and 180cm to feet. Note that conversions in the above charts are rounded to a maximum of 4 decimal places. ![]() Download Freemake Freeware - Free Video Converter, Free Video Downloader, Free Audio Converter, Free Music Box. They will maximize your chances of success.Video converter program. My recommendation is to use one of the highly-rated alternatives I recommend above. But according to my experience with iOS data recovery apps, you can’t expect it to be successful 100% of the time. ![]() Many users had success and it certainly located deleted items on my own iPhone. Syncios iOS Data Recovery may rescue your lost files. The developers are slow to update the product and user ratings are not inspiring. Most Mac users can’t use Syncios iOS Data Recovery and I’m reluctant to recommend it to Windows users. 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Which scan to and from throughout the whole earth." Revelation 8 ( Revelation 8,2) mentions seven angels ( Ancient Greek: ἀγγέλους ) Zechariah 4,10 tells about "seven rejoices" that are "the eyes of the Lord, The names of other archangels come from tradition. The idea of seven archangels is most explicitly stated in the deuterocanonical/ apocryphal Book of Tobit when Raphael reveals himself, declaring: "I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand in the glorious presence of the Lord, ready to serve him." ( Tobit 12,15) The other two angels mentioned by name in the Bibles used by Catholics and Protestants are the archangel Michael and the angel Gabriel Uriel is named in 2 Esdras (4:1 and 5:20) and Jerahmeel is named in 2 Esdras 4:36, a book that is regarded as canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the Georgian and Russian Orthodox Churches, and falls within the Apocrypha section of the Protestant Bible used by Lutherans and Anglicans. In the Septuagint, this is rendered "the great angel." The term archangel itself is not found in the Hebrew Bible or the Christian Old Testament, and in the Greek New Testament the term archangel only occurs in 1 Thessalonians 4 ( 1 Thessalonians 4:16) and the Epistle of Jude ( Jude 1:9), where it is used of Michael, who in Daniel 10 ( Daniel 10:12) is called 'one of the chief princes,' and 'the great prince'. The Eight Archangels are commemorated on the Feast of the Archangels. In parts of Oriental Orthodox Christianity and Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Eight Archangels may be honoured, including Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Uriel, as well as Salathiel, Jegudiel, Barachiel and Jeremiel (in the Coptic tradition the latter four are named as Surael, Sakakael, Sarathael and Ananael). Lutheranism and Anglicanism's traditions generally recognize three to five archangels: Michael and Gabriel, as well as Raphael, Uriel and Jerahmeel. The Catholic Church venerates seven archangels: in the Latin Christianity three are invoked by name ( Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael) while the Eastern Catholic Churches name seven. In those texts, they are referenced as the angels who serve God directly. The concept of Seven Archangels is found in some works of early Jewish literature and in Christianity. ![]() Beneath the mandorla of Christ Emmanuel are representations of Cherubim (in blue) and Seraphim (in red). ![]() An Eastern Orthodox Church icon of the "Seven Archangels." From left to right: Jegudiel, Gabriel (גַּבְרִיאֵל), Selaphiel, Michael, Uriel, Raphael, and Barachiel. Concept found in some works of early Jewish literature Synaxis of the Archangel Michael ( Собор Архистратига Михаила). |
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